Scrambling and Complexity in Phase Space
The study of information scrambling in many-body systems has sharpened our understanding of quantum chaos, complexity and gravity. Here, we extend the framework for exploring information scrambling to infinite dimensional continuous variable (CV) systems. Unlike their discrete variable cousins, continuous variable systems exhibit two complementary domains of information scram- bling: i) scrambling in the phase space of a single mode and ii) scrambling across multiple modes of a many-body system. Moreover, for each of these domains, we identify two distinct ‘types’ of scrambling; genuine scrambling, where an initial operator localized in phase space spreads out and quasi scrambling, where a local ensemble of operators distorts but the overall phase space volume remains fixed. To characterize these behaviors, we introduce a CV out-of-time-order correlation (OTOC) function based upon displacement operators and offer a number of results regarding the CV analog for unitary designs. Finally, we investigate operator spreading and entanglement growth in random local Gaussian circuits; to explain the observed behavior, we propose a simple hydrody- namical model that relates the butterfly velocity, the growth exponent and the diffusion constant. Experimental realizations of continuous variable scrambling as well as its characterization using CV OTOCs will be discussed.